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Drivers of karyotype evolution in Lepidoptera
PROVAZNÍKOVÁ, Irena
Research of lepidopteran karyotypes and their evolution has been challenging for decades due to their many peculiar characteristics. However, this field has advanced thanks to modern cytogenetic techniques and sequencing technologies. We combined explored possibilities how to detect chromosomal rearrangements, and cytogenetic and genomic approaches to explore evolutionary forces shaping karyotypes of non-model Lepidoptera including representatives of early diverging species. Results obtained in the present thesis point to a possible role of satellite DNA and sexual antagonistic selection in mobilisation of rDNA and sex chromosome turnover, respectively.
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The role of promyelocytic leukemia protein in genome maintenance
Kindlová, Martina ; Vašicová, Pavla (advisor) ; Kadlečková, Dominika (referee)
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a key component for the formation of the PML nuclear bodies (PML−NBs), nonmembrane organelles, in which PML forms a shell surrounding an inner core of this dynamic multiprotein complex. PML is a multifunctional protein that is able to interact with sumoylated proteins and sequestrate them to PML NBs which can work as storage for these proteins or as a platform for biochemical reactions. PML is known for its tumor- suppressive character. However, it can have oncogenic potential under certain conditions which suggests its contradictory role in cancer. PML NBs are highly dynamic structures that undergo structural changes due to the phase of the cell cycle which can physically interact with chromatin. PML NBs maintain genome stability by playing a role during important cellular processes which are regulation of the cell cycle, DNA repair mechanisms, alternative telomere lengthening in cancer cells, or protection of the genome against viral DNA. PML itself can participate in genome maintenance. Concretely, its cytosolic isoform can have a role in inducing apoptosis. The purpose of this section is to provide information about how PML participates in genome stability maintenance and about the possible consequences of the failure of these mechanisms.
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The role of promyelocytic leukemia protein in genome maintenance
Kindlová, Martina ; Vašicová, Pavla (advisor) ; Moudrý, Pavel (referee)
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a key component for a formation of the PML nuclear bodies (PML−NBs) in which PML forms a shell surrounding an inner core of this dynamic multiprotein komplex. PML may act as a tumor supressor or a regulator of transcription factors. PML-NBs plays a role in the genome stability maintenance by participating in DNA repair including the alternative lenghtening of telomer, regulation of the cell cycle and antivirus protection. The purpose of this section is to provide information about how PML participate in the genome stability maintenance and about possible consequences of failure of these mechanisms.
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Significance of repetitive sequences in clinical and forensic genetics
Cerovská, Ela ; Daňková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Šolc, Roman (referee)
Repetitive sequences are important compartments of the genome and they are important for the whole organism as well. These non-coding sequences take a lot of space in the genome and they are called "junk DNA". However, they are valuable in many science sectors, especially because of their polymorphic character among individuals and also among tissues of one individual. This work pursues the significance of microsatellite repeats in clinical and forensic genetics. Some tumors have microsatellite instability (MSI) when compared to the repeats in the healthy tissue. This can be used to diagnose cancer. MSI sometimes appears before the disease fully breaks out, which could lead into an early diagnosis of cancer. MSI is associated with better prognosis. Forensic genetics takes advantage of microsatellite polymorphism among individuals. DNA profiling is used to identify persons in criminal investigations but also in parental testing or protection of wild animals.
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Significance of repetitive sequences in clinical and forensic genetics
Cerovská, Ela ; Daňková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Šolc, Roman (referee)
Repetitive sequences are important compartments of the genome and they are important for the whole organism as well. These non-coding sequences take a lot of space in the genome and they are called "junk DNA". However, they are valuable in many science sectors, especially because of their polymorphic character among individuals and also among tissues of one individual. This work pursues the significance of microsatellite repeats in clinical and forensic genetics. Some tumors have microsatellite instability (MSI) when compared to the repeats in the healthy tissue. This can be used to diagnose cancer. MSI sometimes appears before the disease fully breaks out, which could lead into an early diagnosis of cancer. MSI is associated with better prognosis. Forensic genetics takes advantage of microsatellite polymorphism among individuals. DNA profiling is used to identify persons in criminal investigations but also in parental testing or protection of wild animals.
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